CONTENTS
ispersion: Models
15.17 Passive Dispersion: Dispersion over Particular Surfaces
15.18 Passive Dispersion: Dispersion in Particular Conditions
15.19 Passive Dispersion: Dispersion Parameters
15.20 Dispersion of Jets and Plumes
15.21 Dispersion of Two-phase Flashing Jets
15.22 Dense Gas Dispersion
15.23 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Source Terms
15.24 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Models and Modeling
15.25 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Modified Conventional Models
15.26 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Van Ulden Model
15.27 Dispersion of Dense Gas: British Gas/Cremer and Warner Model
15.28 Dispersion of Dense Gas: DENZ and CRUNCH
15.29 Dispersion of Dense Gas: SIGMET
15.30 Dispersion of Dense Gas: SLAB and FEM3
15.31 Dispersion of Dense Gas: HEGADAS and Related Models
15.32 Dispersion of Dense Gas: DEGADIS
15.33 Dispersion of Dense Gas: SLUMP and HEAVYGAS
15.34 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Workbook Model
15.35 Dispersion of Dense Gas: DRIFT and Related Models
15.36 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Some Other Models and Reviews
15.37 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Field Trials
15.38 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Thorney Island Trials
15.39 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Physical Modeling
15.40 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Terrain, Obstructions, and Buildings
15.41 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Validation and Comparison
15.42 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Particular Gases
15.43 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Plumes from Elevated Sources
15.44 Dispersion of Dense Gas: Plumes from Elevated Sources – PLUME
15.45 Concentration and Concentration Fluctuations
15.46 Flammable Gas Clouds
15.47 Toxic Gas Clouds
15.48 Dispersion over Short Distances
15.49 Hazard Ranges for Dispersion
15.50 Transformation and Removal Processes
15.51 Infiltration into Buildings
15.52 Source and Dispersion Modeling: CCPS Guidelines
15.53 Vapor Release Mitigation: Containment and Barriers
15.54 Vapor Cloud Mitigation: CCPS Guidelines
15.55 Fugitive Emissions
15.56 Leaks and Spillages
15.57 Classification of Models
15.58 Notation
Chapter 16. Fire
16.1 Fire
16.2 Flammability of Gases and Vapors
16.3 Combustion Phenomena
16.4 Flammability of Aerosols
16.5 Ignition Sources
16.6 Self-Heating
16.7 Static Electricity
16.8 Electrical Equipment
16.9 Hazardous Area Classification
16.10 Ignition Models
16.11 Fire in Process Plant
16.12 Flames
16.13 Radiant Heat Transfer
16.14 Vapor Cloud Fires
16.15 Fireballs
16.16 Fireballs from Explosives
16.17 Pool Fires
16.18 Flares
16.19 Jet Flames
16.20 Engulfing Fires
16.21 Effects of Fire: Damage
16.22 Effects of Fire: Injury
16.23 Fire Protection of Process Plant
16.24 Passive Fire Protection
16.25 Fire Fighting Agents
16.26 Fire Protection Using Water: Extinguishment and Control
16.27 Fire Protection Using Water: Exposure Protection
16.28 Fire Protection Using Foam
16.29 Fire Protection Using Dry Chemicals
16.30 Fire Protection Using Vaporizing Liquids
16.31 Fire Protection Using Inert Gas
16.32 Fire Protection Using Special Methods
16.33 Fire Protection Using Portable Extinguishers
16.34 Fire Protection Applications
16.35 Firefighting in Process Plant
16.36 Fire and Fire Protection in Buildings
16.37 Fire Protection in Transport
16.38 Fire Hazard
16.39 Hazard Range of Fire
16.40 Notation
Volume 2
Chapter 17. Explosion
17.1 Explosion
17.2 Detonation
17.3 Explosives
17.4 Explosion Energy
17.5 Deflagration Inside Plant
17.6 Detonation Inside Vessels and Pipes
17.7 Explosions in Closed Vessels
17.8 Explosions in Buildings
17.9 Explosions in Large Enclosures
17.10 Explosion Prevention
17.11 Explosion Protection
17.12 Explosion Venting of Vessels
17.13 Explosion Venting of Ducts and Pipes
17.14 Explosion Relief of Buildings
17.15 Explosion Relief of Large Enclosures
17.16 Venting of Reactors
17.17 Venting of Reactors and Vessels: DIERS
17.18 Venting of Reactors and Vessels: Vent Flow
17.19 Venting of Reactors and Vessels: Vent Sizing
17.20 Venting of Reactors and Vessels: Leung Model
17.21 Venting of Reactors and Vessels: ICI Scheme
17.22 Venting of Reactors: Relief Disposal
17.23 Venting of Reactors: CCPS Work
17.24 Venting of Storage Vessels
17.25 Explosive Shock in Air
17.26 Condensed Phase Explosions
17.27 Vessel Burst Explosions
17.28 Vapor Cloud Explosions
17.29 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions
17.30 Explosions in Process Plant
17.31 Effects of Explosions
17.32 Explosion Damage to Structures
17.33 Explosion Damage to Housing
17.34 Explosion Damage by Missiles
17.35 Explosion Damage to Plant by Missiles
17.36 Explosion of a Cased Explosive
17.37 Explosion of an Explosive Load
17.38 Explosion Injury to Persons Outdoors
17.39 Explosion Injury to Persons Indoors
17.40 Explosion Injury from Flying Glass
17.41 Explosion Injury from Penetrating Fragments
17.42 Explosion Injury from Penetrating Fragments: Model of Gilbert, Lees, and Scilly
17.43 Dust Explosions
17.44 Dust Explosibility Characteristics
17.45 Dust Ignition Sources
17.46 Dust Explosion Prevention
17.47 Dust Explosion Protection
17.48 Dust Explosion Venting
17.49 Dust-Handling Plants
17.50 Dust Fires
17.51 Explosion Hazard
17.52 Hazard Range of Explosions
17.53 Notation
Chapter 18. Toxic Release
18.1 Toxic Effects
18.2 Toxic Substances
18.3 Toxicity Assessment
18.4 Control of Toxic Hazard: Regulatory Controls
18.5 Hygiene Standards
18.6 Hygiene Standards: Occupational Exposure Limits
18.7 Carcinogens
18.8 Dusts
18.9 Metals
18.10 Emergency Exposure Limits
18.11 Gas Toxicity
18.12 Gas Toxicity: Experimental Determination
18.13 Gas Toxicity: Physiological Factors
18.14 Gas Toxicity: Toxicity Data
18.15 Gas Toxicity: Vulnerability Model
18.16 Gas Toxicity: Major Industrial Gases
18.17 Gas Toxicity: MHAP Studies
18.18 Gas Toxicity: Chlorine
18.19 Gas Toxicity: Green Book Relations
18.20 Gas Toxicity: Probit Equations
18.21 Gas Toxicity: HSE Dangerous Dose
18.22 Gas Toxicity: Combustion Gases
18.23 Ultratoxic Substances
18.24 Plant Design for Toxic Substances
18.25 Toxic Gas Detection
18.26 Toxic Release Response
18.27 Toxic Release Case Histories
18.28 Toxic Release Risk
18.29 Chlorine Hazard Assessment
18.30 Other Chemicals Hazard Assessment
18.31 Hazard Assessment Methodology
18.32 Notation
Chapter 19. Plant Commissioning and Inspection
19.1 Plant Commissioning
19.2 Plant Inspection
19.3 Pressure Vessel Inspection
19.4 Pressure Piping Systems Inspection
19.5 Non-Destructive Testing
19.6 Materials Verification
19.7 Pressure Testing
19.8 Leak Testing and Detection
19.9 Plant Monitoring
19.10 Performance Monitoring
19.11 Condition Monitoring
19.12 Vibration Monitoring
19.13 Corrosion Monitoring
19.14 Acoustic Emission Monitoring
19.15 Plant Monitoring: Specific Equipment
19.16 Pipeline Inspection and Monitoring
19.17 Notation
Chapter 20. Plant Operation
20.1 Inherently Safer Design to Prevent or Minimize Operator Errors
20.2 Operating Discipline
20.3 Good Operating Practices
20.4 Operating Procedures and Instructions
20.5 Emergency Procedures
20.6 Handover and Permit Systems
20.7 Operator Training
20.8 Plant Patrols
20.9 Modifications to the Process
20.10 Operation and Maintenance
20.11 Start-up and Shut-Down
20.12 Start-up of Refinery Units
20.13 Shut-down of Refinery Units
20.14 Operation of Fired Heaters
20.15 Operation of Driers
20.16 Operation of Storage
20.17 Operational Activities and Hazards
20.18 Sampling
20.19 Trip Systems
20.20 Identification Measures
20.21 Exposure of Personnel
20.22 Security
20.23 Notation
tional Emphasis Program
Appendix 32: Risk Management Program Regulation in the United States
A32.1 The Risk Management Program
Appendix 33: Incident Databases
A33.1 Incident Databases
A33.2 Injury and Fatality Databases (Not Tied to Specific Incidents)
A33.3 Incident Investigation Reports
Appendix 34: Web Links
A34.1 General Information
A34.2 Technical Information
A34.3 University Academic Programs
A34.4 Government Organizations
A34.5 Societies, Councils, Institutes
A34.6 Security and Vulnerability Assessment
Appendix 35: Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
A35.1 Introduction
A35.2 Hurricane Katrina
A35.3 Hurricane Rita
A35.4 Effect on the Industry
A35.5 Lessons Learned
A35.6 Recommendations
Appendix 36: BP America Refinery Explosion, Texas City, Texas, USA
A36.1 Introduction
A36.2 Overview of BP Management Framework and Organizational Structure
A36.3 Incident Description
A36.4 Root and Contributing Causes
A36.5 Recommendations
Appendix 37: Buncefield Incident
A37.1 Description of the Incident
A37.2 Causes of the Incident
A37.3 Lessons Learned from the Incident
A37.4 Regulations and Standards in the Industry after the Incident
Appendix 38: Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster
A38.1 Development of the Space Shuttle Program
A38.2 Columbia’s Final Flight
A38.3 Accident Analysis
A38.4 Other Factors Considered
A38.5 From Challenger to Columbia
A38.6 Decision Making at NASA
A38.7 The Accident’s Organizational Causes
A38.8 History as Cause: Columbia and Challenger
A38.9 Implications for the Future of Human Space Flight
A38.10 Other Significant Observations
A38.11 Recommendations
Appendix 39: Tank Farm Incidents
A39.1 Tank Farms
A39.2 Hazards in Tank Farms
A39.3 Prevention of Tank Farm Incidents
A39.4 Related Regulations about Tanks and Tank Farms
A39.5 Tank Farm Incidents
A39.6 Incident Statistics
A39.7 Case Study Material and Examples
A39.8 Tank Farm Spacing Study: Optimization Model
A39.9 Optimization Model Formulations
A39.10 Modeling Case Study
A39.11 Conclusions
Appendix 40: Deepwater Horizon
A40.1 Lessons from the Deepwater Horizon Incident
A40.2 The Companies and the Management
A40.3 The Site and the Works
A40.4 Deepwater Horizon and Drilling Operations
A40.5 Events Prior to the Explosions
A40.6 The Emergency and Evacuation
A40.7 Containment
A40.8 The Investigations
A40.9 Impact
Appendix 41: Safety Characteristics Database CHEMSAFE®
A41.1 Introduction
A41.2 The Database CHEMSAFE®
A41.3 Content of CHEMSAFE®
A41.4 Classifying Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods Using CHEMSAFE®
A41.5 Access to CHEMSAFE®
A41.6 Summary
References
Loss Prevention Bulletin (Institution of Chemical Engineers)
Acronyms
Index
Computer Codes Index
